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3,000 Years Ago in India

Most Indo-European or Aryan societies were based on class. In the most basic form, these included nobles ("aryan" literally means noble), artisans and peasants. In India, what is called the caste system, a highly complex class system, developed. Each skill or trade developed into its own caste. The social relationships between different castes were rigidly regulated by laws and tradition. For example, members of different castes were not often allowed to inter-marry.

In 1316 BC, the Indian sage Vyasa composes the epic poem, the Mahabharata, one of the world's most important works of literature.

In 1300 BC, the scholar Panini composes the world's first grammar book, called the Astadhyayi. It lists 1000 rules for proper Sanskrit, the ancient language of Aryans.

Prince Siddartha of the Gautama clan, is born around 563 BC just south of the Himalayas. After a religious revelation, he gave up his worldly power and possessions and began to live a simple life in search of true knowledge. He became known as the Buddha (which literally means "one who is awake" or the "enlightened one"). The Buddha taught for forty-five years from his enlightenment to his death in 483 BC. Followers of Buddhism, one of the world's great religions, believe in reincarnation, or rebirth after death. Evil actions, words and thoughts lead to rebirth in miserable conditions, but those beings leading good lives are reborn in a happy state in a heavenly world. The Buddha was against the killing of living things and taught kindness and compassion towards all creatures.

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