Mehrgarh in the Indus valley is another of the oldest cities in the world. Excavations here have shown well laid out streets, with houses and other buildings built out of sun-baked mud bricks. Sheep and goats were kept and barley was grown. Harvested grain was stored for later use in granaries. The dead were buried in tombs.

Long distance trade existed by 5500 BC between the communities of the Indus valley and the early cultures of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. Indian trade goods have been found in the Sumerian cities of Kish and Susa.

The Hindu list of kings starts in 6776 BC, possibly making it the oldest historical record.